This research was designed to understand the extent and the way women participate in mosques and compare them with the teachings of Islam in the mosques of Pakdasht city. In this way, the statistical population of the study included all women who were active, semi-active or inactive in the mosque and its affairs. The data collection tool was a qualitative and profound interview with some of the women who purposefully selected 6 mosques (Imam Sadiq (as), Amir al-Momenin (AS) mosque, al-Mahdi mosque (AS), Sahib Al-Zaman (AS), Imam Hussein (AS) and Seyyed al-Shohada) were selected from all the mosques in the city of Pakdasht and from different regions and according to different geographical directions (Kermaniya, Sharifabad, Qoah, Jamal Abad, Qala Nou and Namjoo settlements). The data from these interviews were analyzed using thematic analysis. The findings showed that women can participate in mosque affairs in many different ways. Participation in a variety of affairs included a total participation in cultural activities, political affairs and social affairs in the mosque. Political activities at the lowest level and social activities were at the highest level of activity. In the sense that most women were referred to as social interactions from the presence of mosque activities. However, among these activities, cultural affairs were more diverse. The final findings showed that there is a relatively large gap between Islamic teachings in terms of attending mosque affairs and theoretical view or practical action.

In contemporary society, marginalization has emerged as a significant social issue, imposing formidable barriers to social development. Accordingly, this study aims to explore the causal and contextual factors contributing to the stagnation of social development among marginalized residents of Pakdasht and Qiyam-Dasht. The study population consists of individuals residing in the marginalized areas of Pakdasht and Qiyam-Dasht, who were purposively and theoretically sampled. In-depth individual interviews were conducted with 38 residents from these areas, with the criterion of theoretical saturation determining the termination of interviews. The data analysis followed the grounded theory method, employing the Straussian approach. The research findings reveal the causal conditions for the suspension of social development, including mutual irreversibility, transient and instrumental actions, weak self-concept, intergenerational perpetuation of poverty, and limited access to resources. Furthermore, the grounds contributing to the stagnation of social development manifest through categories such as divergent roles, gaps in social awareness, inadequate resource availability and reference groups, erosion of family boundaries, and institutional distrust. The outcomes illuminate that the mosaic structure of these regions has been shaped by ethnic conflicts and identity clashes. The dominance of ethnic pursuits, stemming from these conflicts and regressive ideologies, has hindered societal convergence. Furthermore, identity conflicts, exacerbated by profound inequalities, have impeded the adaptation of these ethnic groups to the modern world, particularly in the context of Tehran. Consequently, individuals in these areas tend to engage in transient and utilitarian actions, limiting the establishment of sustainable social interactions and impeding social development.   Introduction Currently, within the realm of development, new themes have emerged that underscore the significance of people and their social capabilities. The prominence and position of social development as one of the four dimensions of development (including social, economic, cultural, and political dimensions) becomes evident when studying the progress of development theory and initiatives. This evolution represents a shift from a primary focus on economic aspects to encompass cultural and social dimensions. The emphasis on quantitative measures has been superseded by the concept of "human development" and a greater consideration of its comprehension and implementation. Theoretical and empirical advancements substantiate that social development is a pivotal element of development, characterized by inherent requisites. To achieve this, it necessitates governmental policy-making and planning, which are integral to the overall pursuit of development. Equally vital is the extent to which the society and its citizens (particularly marginalized populations) comprehend, embrace, and incorporate these policies and programs into their daily lives. This study sets out to address this latter aspect, aiming to gain insights into the social development dynamics among the marginalized residents of Pakdasht and Qiyamdasht areas. Specifically, it seeks to explore how the experiences of marginalization have influenced their understanding of social development and shaped their social actions within their daily lives. Employing a qualitative, deep, and comprehensive approach, this study will examine the social development among marginalized individuals, shedding light on diverse dimensions through an exploration of their lived experiences. Literature Review Prior research has extensively examined social development across various dimensions, including women's participation (Allen, 1985; Boland, 1987; Glicken, 1979; Thomas and Sina, 2009), education (Bradshaw and Graham, 2007; Resnik, 1997), local communities (Daly and Winter, 1978; Velosky and Monroe, 2009), and others. Moreover, several studies have addressed the assessment of social development rankings within Hamedan province's cities (Zofari et al., 2009), the examination of social development indicators and rankings across the country's provinces (Firouzabadi et al., 2010), the investigation into Iran's social development indicators and international position (Fazli et al., 2012), the exploration of human and social development indicators (Gay et al., 2017), the assessment of Iran's current social development status (Riahi, 2010), the examination of dimensions within social development theory (Jacobs and Cleveland, 2007), the identification of dimensions and components within the five development programs (Jaghtai et al., 2015), the analysis of social development in Tehran city (Asgharpour Masoleh et al., 2013), the adoption of a social development approach in poverty alleviation programs in Iran (Qanai-Rad, 2004), and the conceptualization and measurement of social development (Madani and Roshfekr, 2014), among others. Furthermore, there have been studies conducted by foreign and domestic researchers that focus on the perspective of marginalized individuals themselves. For instance, studies such as Martin's exploration in 2000 in Lima, Tupac, Perlman's investigation in 2010 in Argentina and Rio de Janeiro, Safa's analysis in 1974 in Puerto Rico, San Juan, Oiro's examination in 1988 in Argentina, Ghanem's study in 1997 in Cairo, Sharma's research in 1991 in Sarga, India, Piran's work in 1373, Ismaili and Omidi's inquiry in 2011 in Islamabad, Parsapzoh's study in 1381 in Islamabad, and Pereghi et al.'s investigation in 1383 in Isfahan provide valuable insights into the phenomenon of marginalization. It should be noted that unlike the aforementioned studies that primarily focused on social development, these studies delved into the complexities of marginalization. Methodology This scholarly research study employed a qualitative approach, adopting a data-based strategy. The targeted population consisted of all adult citizens aged 18 and above residing in the marginalized regions of Pak-Dasht and Qiyam-Dasht, from which a sampling process was implemented. It is worth noting that, based on information provided by the municipality and governorate, these regions encompass eight districts within the city of Pakdasht, while being limited to a single district in Qiyam-Dasht. However, it is important to highlight that the selection of interview participants was not solely based on the criteria set forth by the municipality and governorate. This is because certain locations, despite exhibiting characteristics associated with marginalization in social, economic, and physical terms, were not officially classified as such. Additionally, the researcher's understanding and identification of the extent of marginalization in specific cases differed from the mappings provided by official coordinates. To ensure a purposive and theoretical sampling, in-depth individual interviews were conducted with a total of 38 residents living in the aforementioned areas. Results This study delves into the bottlenecks of social development among marginalized communities, adopting an internal and micro-level perspective. The rapid growth of Pakdasht and Qiyam-Dasht has had profound impacts on the environmental and social dynamics of the region, manifesting in various forms. Particularly in Pakdasht, the presence of diverse ethnic groups contributes to the existence of distinct customs. However, due to the marginalized status of a significant portion of the population, these customs are not prominently observed. Consequently, a pervasive condition has emerged, characterized by income poverty, as well as social and cultural impoverishment. This predicament engenders insurmountable contradictions when confronted with the prevailing inequalities within the metropolis of Tehran. Daily life revolves primarily around livelihood pursuits and aspiring to attain essential societal values such as adequate housing, good health, and quality education. Unfortunately, these circumstances often undermine individuals' ability to engage in purposeful actions aimed at fostering a renewed sense of community and belonging within their place of residence. Moreover, the actions taken in this context are chiefly driven by individual rationality and economic cost-benefit considerations. Consequently, the social dimension is inadvertently sidelined, despite its pivotal role in shaping social development and the potential to establish new foundations for personal identity based on collective accomplishments.

Barack Obama’s new policy towards Afghanistan and Pakistan -AF-Pak- declared in the US White Paper in March 2009 is, in fact, the roadmap for his administration to deal with the Afghanistan situation. Development of the new policy, as also underlined by the US administration, was made necessary by the continuation and worsening of the difficult situation the US and NATO faced in their fight against the Taliban in various parts of Afghanistan. This article tries to look into the factors that forced Washington to formulate the new policy, which implies that the US and NATO have failed after 8 years to succeed in their struggle against the Taliban and establish peace and stability in Afghanistan. It also appears that the Taliban have been able to continue their military operations and create and maintain instability in Afghanistan. As discussed in the article, the new US policy involves some changes in the war management, as well as political approaches towards deterring US regional allies from cooperating with Taliban and solving security problems in South Asia. The policy intends to place a higher emphasis on using Afghan domestic capacities.

More than 85% of renal stone contain calcium but rarely the patients with calcium stone excrete more than 200 mg calcium in their 24th urin.It seems these patients don't excrete calcium more than normal all the day, but depend amount of water and calcium that they consume they have hypercalciuria intermittently and at the same time they may produce renal stone.In urologic field evaluation of etiology of renal stone in patients is one of complex and difficult subject.Dr. Pak compared calcium to creatinine of urine that collect before and after consuming one gram calcium. He could find so many patients with calcium and other electrolite abnormality.In our country urologists don't usePak test for evaluation of patients with calcium renal stones routinly.We used Pak test in our patients who had renal stones at shafiieh hospital from September to december in 1995.We chose 30 patients that undergo surgery for renal stone or passed renal stone (their stones were calcium oxalate). 22 patients with Pak test showed some form of hypercalciuria but 4 patients had hypercalciuria in 24h urine (>200 mg). There were significant difference between two tests with mantel hoenzal test (P<0.01).

Dasht-i Kipcak is a name used in the Islamic geographical and historical sources for the vast plains of northwest Asia, West Kazakhstan and southern present-day Russia (Eurasian steppes). Research in the Sources indicates that this name appears in various forms. Despite the high frequency of the name in the sources, especially from the fifth/eleventh century onwards, because of the existing brief and concise information, it is not possible to conceive the geographical borers of this plain. However, it is clear that this plains up to the Mongol domination in the early seventh/thirteenth century, inhabited and dominated by the confederation of the Kipcak (Kipchak) tribes. Reasons such as non-existence of a State and the central power with known Territories and clear frontiers in Dasht-i Kipcak, scattering of the Kipcak tribes in the vast plains and the continuation of nomadic life of Kipcak s during nearly two centuries of their domination on the steppes, are the major obstacles that make it difficult to determine exact borders of Dasht-i Kipcak.

Dasht Gour is located in the northeast of Bushehr province and the study area of Dalki-Shabankare. In the past, this plain had good potential in quantity and quality, and now, with 303 unauthorized agricultural wells, it is considered one of the prohibited and critical plains. Through the selective monitoring network with 26 exploitation wells and the analysis of underground water samples in a period of 9 years (1388-1397), the hydrogeochemical characteristics of the Dasht Gour aquifer were analyzed. The analysis of hydrogeochemical diagrams and maps in the Arc GIS environment showed that in the studied aquifer, the dominant anion is sulfate, and the dominant cation is calcium. Total dissolved solids have increased to 355 mg during the nine years. The waters are mainly calcium sulfate, and salinity has increased by 1221 units with an annual average of 136 microsiemens/cm. The influencing factor and water quality control is the presence of the Aghajari formations and Bakhtiari conglomerate.

According to the explicit words of the Quran and Hadith, payment of religious obligations, especially Zakat and Khums, by community members can, in addition to the distribution of wealth among needy people and reduction in poverty and social gaps, purify people and their property. On the other hand, one of the most common sources of acquiring wealth is to employ financial capital in the modern corporate-based economy. If investment and acquiring profits are done through clean (pak) capital, the possession of profits by investors isHalal (permitted). So, in this article, we definePak capital, and express the strategy to achieve it and the role of corporate governance in this regard. To do this, by studying the theoretical basis and the data obtained from submitted questionnaires, using interpretive and analytical methods and logical inference, an ultimate conceptual model was designed. The final questionnaire was distributed among religious experts and academics and then the comments of 71 experts were gathered and analyzed. This was done by SPSS software. The findings of this research indicate that there is a consensus on the definition ofPak capital and the strategy to achieve it. The existing regulatory and directional tool in corporate governance and Shariah Supervisory Board make the purification of capital possible. To achieve this, the necessity of regulating and codifying accounting and auditing has been confirmed by experts.

Background: Brucellosis is an important zoonotic disease with significant economic and public health consequences. This study aimed to investigate the seroepidemiological prevalence of human brucellosis in Gorgan and Dasht, Northeastern Iran during one year. Materials & Methods: In this study, 153 brucellosis-suspected cases who were referred to the health centers of Gorgan and surrounding villages from April 2017 to March 2018, were included. Two serological assays (Wright and 2-mercaptoethanol) were performed on all sera taken from patients. Data were analyzed by SPSS software (version 23) using Chi-square test and independent t-test. A p-value less than. 05 was considered as statistically significant. Findings: Of 153 suspected cases, 62 cases (40. 5%) were positive for brucellosis, among whom 39 cases (62. 9%) were men, and 41 cases (66%) were 17-38 years old. The highest prevalence rate of brucellosis was observed in rural men (69. 5%) as well as in those consuming raw cheese (35. 5%) and being in direct contact with livestock (27. 5%). Furthermore, the frequency of the disease was significantly higher in the summer. The incidence rate of the disease was significantly associated with season, history of contact with livestock, and the type of dairy product consumed (p <. 05). Conclusion: The prevalence of brucellosis is higher in rural areas of Gorgan, particularly among farmers and livestock keepers. Providing training and raising awareness of these individuals as well as developing strategic health plans regarding the consumption of unpasteurized dairy products could help reduce the incidence of brucellosis.

Cargo fleet routing problem is part of the problems that arise and are used in the transportation industry. In this research, one of the specific types of this issue as the time fleet tracking with a limited time period which is the most common problem in operations research at the present time will be discussed. The aim of solving this problem is to provide service to many customers at different locations and different demands by a sufficient fleet. Considering these limitations each customer should set a period of time in service and delays in service are to a certain extent. In this study, reach sooner at the fleet to each of the destinations has given the delay in the service to a certain amount of the fines in accordance with the early and late is acceptable. In terms, they call it (period of application). According to surveys, in order to achieve the above objectives, the use of Bees Algorithm is used in this thesis. Using the Bee algorithm in this research is due to the evolutionary nature of this algorithm.